Cel kształcenia i wykaz literatury

Główny cel kształcenia: Zapoznanie z zagadnieniami radionawigacji

Ogólne informacje o zajęciach: W ramach zajęć student zapoznaje się teoretycznie z podstawami radionawigacji lotniczej

Materiały dydaktyczne: Materiały w postaci prezentacji, plansz i innych pomocy przygotowanych przez prowadzącego zajęcia

Wykaz literatury, wymaganej do zaliczenia zajęć

Literatura wykorzystywana podczas zajęć wykładowych

1	Jaszczyński R.	Nawigacja lotnicza	OWPRz.	1990
2	Fellner A.	Nawigacja powietrzna w zarysie	WPŚ.	2016
3	Trevor Thom	Radio Navigation and Instrument Flying (Air Pilot's Manual) (v. 5)	Air Pilot Pub Ltd, ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-1843360698.	2003
4	Stanisław Rosłaniec	Podstawy radiolokacji i radionawigacji : skrypt akademicki	Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna.	2017
5	ICAO	ICAO 9613 Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Manual (Doc 9613)	International Civil Aviation Organization (January 1, 2013).	2013

Literatura do samodzielnego studiowania

1	Janik F., Malinowski C.	PODSTAWOWA NAWIGACJA LOTNICZA	WKŁ.	1957
2	Praca zbiorowa	Navigation I- General navigation	Oxford Aviation Academy.	2008
3	Praca zbiorowa	Navigation 2, Radio Navigation	Oxford Aviation Academy.	2008

Wymagania wstępne w kategorii wiedzy/umiejętności/kompetencji społecznych

Wymagania formalne: Student ma być zarejestrowany na VII semestrze studiów stacjonarnych I-szego stopnia na kierunku Lotnictwo i Kosmonautyka, specjalność Pilotaż

Wymagania wstępne w kategorii Wiedzy: Student powinien posiadać wiedzę w zakresie realizowanym w ramach przedmiotu Fizyka (sem. 1 i 2) oraz Nawigacja 1 i Nawigacja 2

Wymagania wstępne w kategorii Umiejętności: Student powinien posiadać umiejętności z rrozwiązywania podstawowych zadań z zakresu fizyki oraz nawigacji 1 i 2

Wymagania wstępne w kategorii Kompetencji społecznych: Student powinien posiadać umiejętność współpracy w małym zespole.

Efekty kształcenia dla zajęć

MEK	Student, który zaliczył zajęcia	Formy zajęć/metody dydaktyczne prowadzące do osiągnięcia danego efektu kształcenia	Metody weryfikacji każdego z wymienionych efektów kształcenia	Związki z KEK	Związki z PRK
01	Zna systemy radionawigacyjne wykorzystywane w lotnictwie i potrafi z nich skorzystać w celu prowadzenia nawigacji statkiem powietrznym	wykład, ćwiczenia problemowe,	sprawdzian pisemny, egzamin cz. pisemna, egzamin cz. ustna, test pisemny	K_W12+ K_U01+ K_K01+	P6S_KR P6S_UW P6S_WK
02	Uzyskał wiedzę w zakresie radionawigacji wymaganym przez ULC i EASA w zakresie nawigacji do uzyskania licencji ATPL	wykład, ćwiczenia problemowe	sprawdzian pisemny, egzamin cz. pisemna, egzamin cz. ustna, test pisemny	K_W12+ K_U01+ K_K01+	P6S_KR P6S_UW P6S_WK

Uwaga: W zależności od sytuacji epidemicznej, jeżeli nie będzie możliwości weryfikacji osiągniętych efektów uczenia się określonych w programie studiów w sposób stacjonarny w szczególności zaliczenia i egzaminy kończące określone zajęcia będą mogły się odbywać przy użyciu środków komunikacji elektronicznej (w sposób zdalny).

Treści kształcenia dla zajęć

Sem.	TK	Treści kształcenia	Realizowane na	MEK
7	TK01	Zasady prowadzenia klasycznej radionawigacji lotniczej	W01-W15; C01-C15	MEK01
7	TK02	Zasady prowadzenia nawigacji PBN	W16-W30; C16-C30	MEK01
7	TK03	Zagadnienia wymagane do uzyskania licencji ATPL: 062.02.01.00 Ground direction finding (DF) 062.02.01.02 Presentation and interpretation 062.02.01.02.01 Define the term ‘QDM’: the magnetic bearing to the station. 062.02.01.02.02 Define the term ‘QDR’: the magnetic bearing from the station. 062.02.01.02.03 Explain that by using more than one ground station, the position of an aircraft can be determined and transmitted to the pilot. 062.02.02.00 Non-directional radio beacon (NDB)/automatic direction finding (ADF) 062.02.02.02 Presentation and interpretation 062.02.02.02.01 Name the types of indicators commonly in use: - electronic display; - radio magnetic indicator (RMI); - fixed-card ADF (radio compass); - moving-card ADF. 062.02.02.02.02 Interpret the indications given on RMI, fixed-card and moving-card ADF displays. 062.02.02.02.03 Given a display, interpret the relevant ADF information. 062.02.02.02.04 Calculate the true bearing from the compass heading and relative bearing. 062.02.02.02.05 Convert the compass bearing into magnetic bearing and true bearing. 062.02.02.02.06 Describe how to fly the following in-flight ADF procedures: homing and tracking, and explain the influence of wind; interceptions of inbound QDM and outbound QDR; changing from one QDM/QDR to another; determining station passage and the abeam point. 062.02.03.00 VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR): conventional VOR (CVOR) and Doppler VOR (DVOR) 062.02.03.02 Presentation and interpretation 062.02.03.02.01 Read off the radial on an RMI. 062.02.03.02.02 Read off the angular displacement in relation to a preselected radial on a horizontal situation indicator (HSI) or omnibearing indicator (OBI). 062.02.03.02.03 Explain the use of the TO/FROM indicator in order to determine aircraft position relative to the VOR considering also the heading of the aircraft. 062.02.03.02.04 Interpret VOR information as displayed on HSI, CDI and RMI. 062.02.03.02.05 Describe the following in-flight VOR procedures: tracking, and explain the influence of wind when tracking; interceptions of a radial inbound and outbound to/from a VOR; changing from one radial inbound/outbound to another; determining station passage and the abeam point. 062.02.03.02.06 State that when converting a radial into a true bearing, the variation at the VOR station has to be taken into account. 062.02.04.00 Distance-measuring equipment (DME) 062.02.04.02 Presentation and interpretation 062.02.04.02.01 State that when identifying a DME station co-located with a VOR station, the identification signal with the higher-tone frequency is the DME which identifies itself approximately every 40 seconds. 062.02.04.02.02 Calculate ground distance from given slant range and altitude. 062.02.04.02.03 Describe the use of DME to fly a DME arc in accordance with ICAO Doc 8168 Volume 1. 062.02.04.02.04 State that a DME system may have a ground speed (GS) and time to station read-out combined with the DME read-out. 062.02.05.00 Instrument landing system (ILS) 062.02.05.02 Presentation and interpretation 062.02.05.02.01 Describe the ILS identification regarding frequency and Morse code or plain text. 062.02.05.02.02 State that an ILS installation has an automatic ground monitoring system. 062.02.05.02.03 State that the LOC and GP monitoring system monitors any shift in the LOC and GP mean course line or reduction in signal strength. 062.02.05.02.04 State that warning flags will appear for both the LOC and the GP if the received signal strength is below a threshold value. 062.02.05.02.05 Describe the circumstances in which warning flags will appear for both the LOC and the GP: absence of the carrier frequency; absence of the modulation simultaneously; the percentage modulation of the navigation signal reduced to 0. 062.02.05.02.06 Interpret the indications on a CDI and an HSI: full-scale deflection of the CDI needle corresponds to approximately 2.5° displacement from the ILS centre line; - full-scale deflection on the GP corresponds to approximately 0.7° from the ILS GP centre line. 062.02.05.02.07 Interpret the aircraft’s position in relation to the extended runway centre line on a back-beam approach. 062.02.05.02.08 Explain the setting of the course pointer of an HSI and the course selector of an omnibearing indicator (OBI) for front-beam and back-beam approaches. 062.07.01.00 Performance-based navigation (PBN) concept (as described in ICAO Doc 9613) 062.07.01.01 PBN principles 062.07.01.01.01 List the factors used to define area navigation (RNAV) or required navigation performance (RNP) system performance requirements (accuracy, integrity and continuity). 062.07.01.01.02 State that these RNAV and RNP systems are necessary to optimise the utilisation of available airspace. 062.07.01.01.03 State that it is necessary for flight crew and air traffic controllers to be aware of the on-board RNAV or RNP system capabilities in order to determine whether the performance of the RNAV or RNP system is appropriate for the specific airspace requirements. 062.07.01.01.04 Define accuracy as the conformance of the true position and the required position. 062.07.01.01.05 Define continuity as the capability of the system to perform its function without unscheduled interruptions during the intended operation. 062.07.01.01.06 Define integrity as a measure of the trust that can be placed in the correctness of the information supplied by the total system. Integrity includes the ability of a system to provide timely and valid alerts to the user. 062.07.01.01.07 State that, unlike conventional navigation, PBN is not sensor-specific. 062.07.01.01.08 Explain the difference between raw data and computed data. 062.07.01.01.09 Define availability as the percentage of time (annually) during which the system is available for use. 062.07.01.02 PBN components 062.07.01.02.01 List the components of PBN as navigational aid (NAVAID) infrastructure, navigation specification and navigation application. 062.07.01.03 PBN scope 062.07.01.03.01 State that in oceanic/remote, en-route and terminal phases of flight, PBN is limited to operations with linear lateral performance requirements and time constraints. 062.07.01.03.02 State that in the approach phases of flight, PBN accommodates both linear and angular laterally guided operations, and explain the difference between the two. 062.07.02.00 Navigation specifications 062.07.02.01 Area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation performance (RNP) 062.07.02.01.01 State the difference between RNAV and RNP in terms of the requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting. 062.07.02.02 Navigation functional requirements 062.07.02.02.01 List the basic functional requirements of the RNAV and RNP specifications (continuous indication of lateral deviation, distance/bearing to active waypoint, GS or time to active waypoint, navigation data storage and failure indication). 062.07.02.03 Designation of RNP and RNAV specifications 062.07.02.03.01 Interpret X in RNAV X or RNP X as the lateral navigation (LNAV) accuracy (total system error) in nautical miles, which is expected to be achieved at least 95 % of the flight time by the population of aircraft operating within the given airspace, route or procedure. 062.07.02.03.02 State that aircraft approved to the more stringent accuracy requirements may not necessarily meet some of the functional requirements of the navigation specification that has a less stringent accuracy requirement. 062.07.02.03.03 State that RNAV 10 and RNP 4 are used in the oceanic/remote phase of flight. 062.07.02.03.04 State that RNAV 5 is used in the en-route and arrival phases of flight. 062.07.02.03.05 State that RNAV 2 and RNP 2 are also used as navigation specifications. 062.07.02.03.06 State that RNP 2 is used in the en-route and oceanic/remote phases of flight. 062.07.02.03.07 State that RNAV 2 might be used in the en-route continental, arrival and departure phases of flight. 062.07.02.03.08 State that RNAV 1 and RNP 1 are used in the arrival and departure phases of flight. 062.07.02.03.09 State that required navigation performance approach (RNP APCH) is used in the approach phase of flight. 062.07.02.03.10 State that required navigation performance authorisation required approach (RNP AR APCH) is used in the approach phase of flight. 062.07.02.03.11 State that RNP 0.3 navigation specification is used in all phases of flight except for oceanic/remote and final approach, primarily for helicopters. 062.07.02.03.12 State that RNAV 1, RNP 1 and RNP 0.3 may also be used in en-route phases of low-level instrument flight rule (IFR) helicopter flights. 062.07.03.00 Use of performance-based navigation (PBN) 062.07.03.03 Specific RNAV and RNP system functions 062.07.03.03.01 Recognise the definition of radius to fix (RF) leg. 062.07.03.03.02 Recognise the definition of a fixed radius transition (FRT). 062.07.03.03.03 State the importance of respecting the flight director guidance and the speed constraints associated with an RF procedure. 062.07.03.03.04 Explain the difference between a fly-by-turn and a fly-over. 062.07.03.03.05 State that the Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC) 424 path terminators set the standards for coding the SIDs, STARs and instrument approach procedures (IAPs) from the official published government source documentation into the ARINC navigation database format. 062.07.03.03.06 State that the path terminators define a specific type of termination of the previous flight path. 062.07.03.03.07 Define the term ‘offset flight path’. 062.07.04.00 Performance-based navigation (PBN) operations 062.07.04.01 Performance-based navigation (PBN) principles 062.07.04.01.01 Define ‘path definition error’ (PDE). 062.07.04.01.02 Define ‘flight technical error’ (FTE) and state that the FTE is the error in following the prescribed path, either by the auto-flight system or by the pilot. 062.07.04.01.03 Define ‘navigation system error’ (NSE) and state that the accuracy of a navigation system may be referred to as NSE. 062.07.04.01.04 Define ‘total system error’ (TSE) and state that the geometric sum of the PDE, FTE and NSE equals the TSE. 062.07.04.01.05 State that navigation accuracy depends on the TSE. 062.07.04.02 On-board performance monitoring and alerting 062.07.04.02.01 State that on-board performance monitoring and alerting of flight technical errors is managed by on-board systems or flight crew procedures. 062.07.04.02.02 State that on-board performance monitoring and alerting of navigation system errors is a requirement of on-board equipment for RNP. 062.07.04.02.03 State that, dependent on the navigation sensor, the estimated position error (EPE) is compared with the required navigation specification. 062.07.04.02.04 Explain how a navigation system assesses the EPE. 062.07.04.02.05 Give an example of how the loss of the ability to operate in RNP airspace may be indicated by the navigation system. 062.07.04.02.06 State that on-board performance monitoring and alerting of path definition error is managed by gross reasonableness checks of navigation data. 062.07.04.03 Abnormal situations 062.07.04.03.01 State that abnormal and contingency procedures are to be used in case of loss of the PBN capability. 062.07.04.04 Database management 062.07.04.04.01 "State that, unless otherwise specified in the operations documentation or acceptable means of compliance (AMCs), the navigational database must be valid for the current aeronautical information regulation and control (AIRAC) cycle. " 062.07.05.00 Requirements of specific RNAV and RNP specifications 062.07.05.01 RNAV 10 062.07.05.01.01 State that RNAV 10 requires that aircraft operating in oceanic and remote areas be equipped with at least two independent and serviceable long-range navigation systems (LRNSs) comprising an INS, an inertial reference system (IRS)/flight management system (FMS) or a GNSS. 062.07.05.01.02 State that operators may extend their RNAV 10 navigation capability time by updating. 062.07.05.02 RNAV 5 062.07.05.02.01 State that manual data entry is acceptable for RNAV 5. 062.07.05.03 RNAV 1/RNAV 2/RNP 1/RNP 2 062.07.05.03.01 State that pilots must not fly an RNAV 1, RNAV 2, RNP 1 or RNP 2 standard instrument departure (SID) or standard instrument arrival (STAR) unless it is retrievable by route name from the on-board navigation database and conforms to the charted route. 062.07.05.03.02 State that the route may subsequently be modified through the insertion (from the database) or deletion of specific waypoints in response to ATC clearances. 062.07.05.03.03 State that the manual entry, or creation of new waypoints by manual entry, of either latitude and longitude or place/bearing/distance values is not permitted. 062.07.05.05 Required navigation performance approach (RNP APCH) 062.07.05.05.01 State that pilots must not fly an RNP APCH unless it is retrievable by procedure name from the on-board navigation database and conforms to the charted procedure. 062.07.05.05.02 State that an RNP APCH to LNAV minima is a non-precision IAP designed for two-dimensional approach operations. 062.07.05.05.03 State that an RNP APCH to lateral navigation (LNAV)/vertical navigation (VNAV) minima has lateral guidance based on GNSS and vertical guidance based on either SBAS or barometric vertical navigation (Baro-VNAV). 062.07.05.05.04 State that an RNP APCH to LNAV/VNAV minima may only be conducted with vertical guidance certified for the purpose. 062.07.05.05.05 Explain why an RNP APCH to LNAV/VNAV minima based on Baro-VNAV may only be conducted when the aerodrome temperature is within a promulgated range if the barometric input is not automatically temperature-compensated. 062.07.05.05.06 State that the correct altimeter setting is critical for the safe conduct of an RNP APCH using Baro-VNAV. 062.07.05.05.07 "State that an RNP APCH to LNAV/VNAV minima is a three-dimensional operation. " 062.07.05.05.08 State that an RNP APCH to localiser performance with vertical guidance (LPV) minima is a three-dimensional operation. 062.07.05.05.09 State that RNP APCH to LPV minima requires a final approach segment (FAS) data block. 062.07.05.05.10 State that RNP approaches to LPV minima require SBAS. 062.07.05.05.11 State that the FAS data block is a standard data format to describe the final approach path. 062.07.05.06 Required navigation performance authorisation required approach (RNP AR APCH) 062.07.05.06.01 State that RNP AR APCH requires authorisation. 062.07.05.07 Advanced required navigation performance (A-RNP) 062.07.05.07.01 State that A-RNP incorporates the navigation specifications RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 2, RNP 1 and RNP APCH. 062.07.05.08.01 State that a PinS departure is a departure procedure designed for helicopters only. 062.07.05.08.02 State that a PinS departure procedure includes either a ‘proceed VFR’ or a ‘proceed visually’ instruction from the landing location to the initial departure fix (IDF). 062.07.05.08.03 Recognise the differences in the instructions ‘proceed VFR’ and ‘proceed visually’. 062.07.05.09.01 State that a PinS approach procedure is an instrument RNP APCH procedure designed for helicopters only, and that it may be published with LNAV minima or LPV minima. 062.07.05.09.02 "State that a PinS approach procedure includes either a ‘proceed VFR’ or a ‘proceed visually’ instruction from the missed approach point (MAPt) to a landing location. 062.07.05.09.03 Recognise the differences between ‘proceed VFR’ and ‘proceed visually’.	W01-W30; C01-C30	MEK01 MEK02

Nakład pracy studenta

Forma zajęć	Praca przed zajęciami	Udział w zajęciach	Praca po zajęciach
Wykład (sem. 7)	Przygotowanie do kolokwium: 20.00 godz./sem.	Godziny kontaktowe: 30.00 godz./sem.
Ćwiczenia/Lektorat (sem. 7)	Przygotowanie do ćwiczeń: 15.00 godz./sem. Przygotowanie do kolokwium: 5.00 godz./sem.	Godziny kontaktowe: 30.00 godz./sem.
Konsultacje (sem. 7)
Egzamin (sem. 7)	Przygotowanie do egzaminu: 20.00 godz./sem.

Sposób wystawiania ocen składowych zajęć i oceny końcowej

Forma zajęć	Sposób wystawiania oceny podsumowującej
Wykład	Zaliczenie obejmujące materiał prezentowany na wykładzie; forma pisemna, warunkiem uzyskania oceny pozytywnej jest co najmniej 75% prawidłowych odpowiedzi, skala ocen liniowa. Granicą zaliczenia każdego pytania opisowego jest również 75%, przy czym w odpowiedzi nie może pojawić się żaden istotny błąd.
Ćwiczenia/Lektorat	Ocena ze sprawdzianu pisemnego
Ocena końcowa	Ocenę końcową stanowi ocena z testu końcowego oraz ze sprawdzianu pisemnego - średnia arytmetyczna

Przykładowe zadania

Wymagane podczas egzaminu/zaliczenia
(-)

Realizowane podczas zajęć ćwiczeniowych/laboratoryjnych/projektowych
(-)

Inne
(-)

Czy podczas egzaminu/zaliczenia student ma możliwość korzystania z materiałów pomocniczych : nie

Treści zajęć powiazane są z prowadzonymi badaniami naukowymi: tak

1	G. Drupka; T. Rogalski; Ł. Wałek	Analiza zmian w ruchu lotniczym na przykładzie wybranych rejonów FIR europejskiej przestrzeni powietrznej po wystąpieniu konfliktu zbrojnego na terytorium Ukrainy	2024
2	G. Drupka; T. Rogalski; Ł. Wałek	Metody wyznaczania pozycji bezzałogowego statku powietrznego na pasie w fazie startu	2024
3	M. Dojka; K. Jakubik; T. Rogalski; Ł. Wałek	Automatic take-off control system	2023
4	M. Korkosz; S. Noga; T. Rogalski	Analysis of the mechanical limitations of the selected high-speed electric motor	2023
5	S. Noga; D. Nowak; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło	The use of vision system to determine lateral deviation from landing trajectory	2023
6	T. Rogalski	Transport lotniczy w obliczu wyzwań XXI wieku	2023
7	D. Kordos; T. Rogalski	System elektroniczny przekazywania informacji do statku powietrznego kołującego po płycie lotniskowej oraz sposób sterowania kołowaniem statku powietrznego z wykorzystaniem tego systemu	2022
8	G. Kopecki; D. Kordos; D. Nowak; T. Rogalski	The PAPI Lights-Based Vision System for Aircraft Automatic Control during Approach and Landing	2022
9	K. Doerffer; P. Doerffer; P. Dymora; P. Flaszynski; S. Grigg; M. Jurek; D. Kordos; B. Kowal; M. Mazurek; T. Rogalski; R. Śliwa; R. Unnthorsson	The Latest Advances in Wireless Communication in Aviation, Wind Turbines and Bridges	2022
10	T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; P. Szwed	Estimation of Atmospheric Gusts Using Integrated On-Board Systems of a Jet Transport Airplane - Flight Simulations	2022
11	V. Di Vito; P. Grzybowski; P. Masłowski; T. Rogalski	Design advancements for an integrated mission management system for small air transport vehicles in the COAST project	2022
12	B. Brukarczyk; P. Kot; D. Nowak; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło	Fixed Wing Aircraft Automatic Landing with the Use of a Dedicated Ground Sign System	2021
13	G. Dec; A. Majka; T. Rogalski; D. Rzońca; S. Samolej	Regular graph-based free route flight planning approach	2021
14	G. Jaromi; T. Kapuściński; D. Kordos; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; P. Szczerba	In-Flight Tests of Intruder Detection Vision System	2021
15	J. Beran; V. Di Vito; P. Grzybowski; T. Kabrt; P. Masłowski; M. Montesarchio; T. Rogalski	Flight management enabling technologies for single pilot operations in Small Air Transport vehicles in the COAST project	2021
16	K. Maciejowska; S. Noga; T. Rogalski	Vibration analysis of an aviation engine turbine shaft shield	2021
17	P. Bąk; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; J. Szura; K. Warzocha	Transformative Use of Additive Technology in Design and Manufacture of Hydraulic Actuator for Fly-by-Wire System	2021
18	S. Noga; J. Prusik; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło	Unmanned aircraft automatic flight control algorithm in an Immelmann manoeuvre	2021
19	V. Di Vito; P. Grzybowski; P. Masłowski; T. Rogalski	A concept for an Integrated Mission Management System for Small Air Transport vehicles in the COAST project	2021
20	G. Drupka; A. Majka; T. Rogalski	Automated flight planning method to facilitate the route planning process in predicted conditions	2020
21	G. Jaromi; D. Kordos; A. Paw; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; P. Szczerba	Simulation studies of a vision intruder detection system	2020
22	J. Prusik; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło	Unmanned aircraft automatic flight control algorithm in a spin maneuver	2020
23	T. Kapuściński; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; P. Szczerba; Z. Szczerba	A Vision-Based Method for Determining Aircraft State during Spin Recovery	2020
24	D. Nowak; T. Rogalski; D. Rzońca; S. Samolej; Ł. Wałek	Control System for Aircraft Take-off and Landing Based on Modified PID controllers	2019
25	G. Drupka; T. Rogalski	Free Route Airspace-nowe regulacje przestrzeni powietrznej	2019
26	G. Jaromi; D. Kordos; T. Rogalski; P. Rzucidło; P. Szczerba	Wybrane elementy badań wizyjnego układu antykolizyjnego dla lekkich oraz bezzałogowych statków powietrznych	2019
27	J. Prusik; T. Rogalski	Sterowanie trajektorią podczas lotu akrobacyjnego	2019
28	S. Pluta; T. Rogalski	System elektroniczny przekazywania informacji do statku powietrznego znajdującego się na płycie lotniskowej	2019